MUHARRAM 2023
Muharram marks the beginning of the Islamic lunar calendar. The Islamic year is approximately 11 days shorter than the Gregorian calendar, so the timing of Muharram varies from year to year (the expected date of Muharram 2023 is 19th July). It is considered one of the four sacred months in Islam, the others being Rajab, Dhul-Qa’dah, and Dhul-Hijjah.
Muharram 2023 is a remarkable month in Muslim’s sight because of its tragic history. Every year in Muharram we experience sorrows and griefs in believers but still there are misconceptions about it and its actual history. This article will make your mind crystal clear about what Muharram actually is and why it is celebrated.
What is Muharram?
“Muharram is also known as Muharram ul Haram and is the first month of Hijri calendar (Islamic calendar). Muslim ummah celebrates it in the remembrance of Imam Hussain ibn Ali the grandson of Prophet Muhammad (SAWW), who was murdered by Yazeed. It is remarkable because of Commemoration of Ashura.”
History of Muharram
The history of Muharram is deeply intertwined with important events in Islamic history, particularly the martyrdom of Imam Hussain ibn Ali, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad. Here is a detailed explanation of the historical significance of Muharram:
Prohibition of Fighting:
The historical significance of Muharram begins during the early Islamic period. After the migration of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (known as the Hijra) in 622 CE, there was ongoing conflict between the Muslim community (ummah) and the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. In the second year after the Hijra, the Quraysh and their allies sought to attack Medina during the sacred month of Muharram. To avoid bloodshed and uphold the sacredness of the month, the Prophet Muhammad prohibited fighting during Muharram. This event reinforced the concept of sacred months in Islam.
The Battle of Karbala:
The most significant historical event associated with Muharram is the Battle of Karbala, which took place on the 10th day of Muharram, known as Ashura, in the year 680 CE (61 AH – Islamic calendar). This event is a defining moment in Islamic history and deeply shaped the beliefs and practices of Shia Muslims.
Background:
After the death of Prophet Muhammad, the leadership of the Muslim community fell to the caliphs, with Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, becoming the fourth Caliph. However, his caliphate was marked by political turmoil and internal strife. After the assassination of the third Caliph, Uthman, Ali became the Caliph, but his rule was challenged by Muawiya, the governor of Syria and a relative of Uthman.
Karbala Tragedy:
Tensions escalated, leading to a confrontation between the forces of Imam Hussain, the son of Ali, and the army of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph and son of Muawiya. Imam Hussain, along with a small group of followers, including women and children, set out for Kufa in present-day Iraq. However, they were intercepted by Yazid’s forces at Karbala.
The Martyrdom of Imam Hussain:
Despite being vastly outnumbered and facing immense hardship, Imam Hussain and his followers refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid, valuing principles of justice and truth over submission to unjust rule. On the 10th day of Muharram, in the scorching desert of Karbala, Imam Hussain and his companions were brutally martyred, and the women and children were taken captive.
Shia Commemoration:
The martyrdom of Imam Hussain and his followers at Karbala became a symbol of resistance against tyranny and oppression. Shia Muslims, who believe in the rightful leadership of the Prophet’s family (Ahl al-Bayt), deeply mourn and commemorate this event during Muharram, particularly on the Day of Ashura. It is a period of mourning and reflection on the principles of sacrifice, justice, and standing against injustice, as exemplified by Imam Hussain.
Sunni Observance:
For Sunni Muslims, Muharram is also a significant month, but it is observed differently. The Day of Ashura is considered a day of fasting and optional acts of worship. The significance of the events of Karbala and the martyrdom of Imam Hussain is recognized but is observed without the deep mourning rituals of Shia Islam.
Who are Shia Muslims and they are the only who celebrates Muharram 2023?
Shia Muslims, also known as Shiites, believe that the leadership of the Muslim community (ummah) should have passed directly to the family of the Prophet Muhammad, specifically to his cousin and son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and then to his descendants through Ali and his wife, Fatimah (the daughter of the Prophet). They consider these descendants, known as the Ahl al-Bayt (People of the House), as the rightful successors (Imams) to lead the Muslim community both spiritually and politically.
Sunni Muslims, on the other hand, believe that leadership should have been based on the consensus of the Muslim community (ijma) and chose the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali) after the death of Prophet Muhammad. They do not necessarily reject the importance of the Ahl al-Bayt but do not ascribe divine leadership exclusively to them.
Importance of Muharram 2023
There are different ideologies about importance of Muharram, some beliefs that it is fine to celebrate it but some are still not in favor. But its importance is proven by the following hadiths (sayings of Prophet Muhammad) and historical events. Here are some Hadiths that emphasize the importance of Muharram:
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Hadith regarding the Sacred Months:
The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the sanctity of the sacred months, and Muharram is one of them. It is narrated in Sahih Muslim that the Prophet said:
“The year is twelve months of which four are sacred, the three consecutive months of Dhu’l-Qa’dah, Dhu’l-Hijjah, and Muharram, and Rajab which comes between Jumada and Sha’ban.”
(Sahih Muslim, Book 5, Hadith 125)
Explanation:
This Hadith highlights that Muharram is one of the four sacred months, during which fighting and warfare were prohibited in the pre-Islamic era and remain discouraged in Islam. It emphasizes the need for Muslims to honor the sacredness of Muharram and abstain from any unlawful activities during this month.
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Fasting on the Day of Ashura:
Fasting on the 10th day of Muharram, known as Ashura, is highly recommended. The Prophet Muhammad observed this fast and encouraged his followers to do the same. It is narrated in Sahih Muslim that the Prophet said:
“Fasting the Day of Ashura, I hope, will expiate for the sins of the preceding year.”
(Sahih Muslim, Book 6, Hadith 2603)
Explanation:
Fasting on the Day of Ashura is believed to be a means of seeking forgiveness and purification from sins. It is a voluntary act of worship that provides an opportunity for Muslims to increase their devotion and draw closer to Allah.
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The Virtues of Muharram:
The Prophet Muhammad highlighted the virtues of the month of Muharram. A Hadith in Sahih Muslim states:
“The best fasting after Ramadan is the month of Allah, Muharram, and the best prayer after the obligatory prayer is the night prayer.”
(Sahih Muslim, Book 6, Hadith 2611)
Explanation:
This Hadith indicates that after the fasting in the month of Ramadan, the fasting in the month of Muharram holds particular merit. It signifies that engaging in acts of worship during Muharram, such as fasting and optional prayers, brings great spiritual rewards.
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Mourning the Martyrdom of Imam Hussain:
While this Hadith is not directly related to Muharram, it highlights the significance of mourning righteous individuals. The Prophet Muhammad said:
“There is no Muslim who visits the grave of his deceased Muslim brother for seventy years, but he will be granted the intercession.”
(Sunan At-Tirmidhi, Book 1, Hadith 1057)
Explanation:
Though this Hadith is more general, it encourages Muslims to remember and visit the graves of their fellow Muslims, seeking their intercession. In the context of Muharram, this Hadith aligns with the Shia practice of mourning the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and visiting his shrine at Karbala to honor his sacrifice and seek blessings.
Fasting in Muharram 2023
Muslims observe fast on the 9th and 10th days of Muharram 2023 for various reasons, particularly on the 10th day, known as Ashura. Both Sunni and Shia Muslims practice fasting on these days, although the reasons and significance may differ between the two sects. Here are the reasons behind fasting on the 9th and 10th of Muharram:
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Fasting on the Day of Ashura (10th Muharram):
Sunni Perspective:
For Sunni Muslims, fasting on the Day of Ashura is considered a highly recommended act of worship. It is believed to be a practice that dates back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad. The Prophet, following the Jewish tradition, fasted on the Day of Ashura in gratitude for the liberation of the Israelite from Egypt.
According to a Hadith in Sahih Muslim, the Prophet said:
“Fasting the Day of Ashura, I hope, will expiate for the sins of the preceding year.”
(Sahih Muslim, Book 6, Hadith 2603).
This Hadith indicates that fasting on Ashura is a means of seeking forgiveness and a way to attain spiritual purity.
Shia Perspective:
For Shia Muslims, fasting on the Day of Ashura has additional significance related to the martyrdom of Imam Hussain, the grandson of Prophet Muhammad, in the Battle of Karbala. Imam Hussain and his followers, including family members, were killed on the 10th of Muharram in 680 CE. The Day of Ashura marks this tragic event, and Shia Muslims observe it as a day of mourning and remembrance.
Fasting on Ashura is seen as a way of expressing solidarity with the suffering of Imam Hussain and his companions. It is a time of intense grief and reflection on the principles of justice, self-sacrifice, and resistance against oppression, as exemplified by Imam Hussain’s stance at Karbala.
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Fasting on the 9th Muharram 2023 (Tasu’a):
In addition to fasting on the 10th (Ashura), many Shia Muslims also fast on the 9th of Muharram 2023 (Tasu’a). This day is observed as a preparation for the commemoration of the martyrdom of Imam Hussain on the following day.
Fasting on Tasu’a is an expression of sorrow and mourning, as it marks the day before the tragic events of Karbala when Imam Hussain and his followers were surrounded by the opposing forces. It serves as a prelude to the somber observance of Ashura, heightening the sense of grief and remembrance.
Did Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) also observe fast in Muharram?
Yes, Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) also observed fast in Muharram.
According to the hadith, Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) saw the Jews of Medina fasting on the Day of Ashura and asked them about it. They explained that it was a day of great significance, as it was the day that Allah saved Prophet Musa (AS) and the Children of Israel from Pharaoh. Prophet Muhammad (SAWW) then said that Muslims have more right to observe this day, and he fasted on the 10th of Muharram. Later, he also fasted on the 9th of Muharram as well, to differentiate the Muslim practice from the Jewish one.
Teach children about Muharram and Karbala:
Teaching children about Muharram and the events of Karbala requires a sensitive and age-appropriate approach. Here are some tips to help you effectively teach children about this important aspect of Islamic history:
- Understand the Child’s Age and Level of Understanding: Tailor your approach based on the child’s age and comprehension level. Younger children may require simpler explanations, while older children can grasp more complex concepts.
- Use Engaging and Visual Resources: Utilize storytelling, age-appropriate books, illustrations, and videos to make the learning experience more engaging and memorable for children.
- Focus on Core Values: Emphasize the values of sacrifice, courage, standing up for justice, and empathy towards others, which are prominent themes in the story of Karbala.
- Avoid Graphic Details: While it’s essential to be honest about the events, avoid graphic or disturbing details when teaching young children. Focus on the broader message of righteousness and standing against oppression.
- Encourage Questions and Discussions: Create an open and safe environment for children to ask questions and express their feelings. Encourage discussions to foster a deeper understanding of the significance of Muharram.
- Link to Universal Themes: Help children connect the story of Karbala to universal themes of heroism, perseverance, and the pursuit of justice, making it relatable to their lives.
- Involve Art and Creativity: Encourage children to express their understanding through art, storytelling, or role-playing activities, allowing them to explore their emotions and thoughts about Muharram.
- Visit Community Gatherings: If possible, attend family-friendly Muharram gatherings at local mosques or community centers, where children can witness respectful commemorations and learn from the community.
- Introduce Historical Figures: Introduce children to key historical figures like Imam Hussain (AS) and his family, highlighting their noble characteristics and their positive impact on Islamic history.
- Teach the Islamic Lunar Calendar: Explain the significance of Muharram as the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar and its connection to other Islamic events.
- Encourage Acts of Kindness: Encourage children to participate in acts of kindness and charity during Muharram, such as distributing meals, donating to the less fortunate, or helping others in need.
- Be Respectful of Different Beliefs: While teaching about Muharram, be respectful of diverse beliefs within the Islamic community. Different sects may commemorate the events in different ways, and it’s essential to promote understanding and tolerance.
Benefits of Muharram 2023
Muharram 2023 is a month of great significance in the Islamic calendar. It is a time for reflection, repentance, and renewal. Muslims around the world observe this month in different ways, but some of the benefits of Muharram include:
- It is a time for Muslims to remember the sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions at Karbala.
- It is a time for Muslims to reflect on their own lives and seek forgiveness for their sins.
- It is a time for Muslims to renew their commitment to their faith and to Allah.
- It is a time for Muslims to come together as a community and strengthen their bonds with one another in order to defeat the evil.
- It is a time for Muslims to give charity and help those in need, so that poor can also celebrate this notable month effortlessly.
- It is a time for Muslims to learn more about their faith and the history of Islam for their firm believe in it.
- It is a time for Muslims to practice self-discipline and self-control through fasting and other acts of worship.
- It is a time for Muslims to seek guidance and inspiration from the teachings of the Quran and the example of Prophet Muhammad (SAWW).
- It is a time for Muslims to increase their good deeds and seek Allah’s pleasure.
- It is a time for Muslims to remember that life is short and that we should strive to live our lives in a way that pleases Allah.
Is distributing meal in Muharram is fine?
Yes! distributing meals during Muharram is considered a highly commendable act in Islam, reflecting the spirit of charity, compassion, and communal support. Providing food to those in need exemplifies the values of gratitude and seeking blessings from Allah. The act of sharing meals not only fulfills the basic needs of individuals but also fosters a sense of unity and solidarity among people. Muslims worldwide engage in this virtuous practice during Muharram and throughout the year, following the tradition set by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in caring for the less fortunate and emphasizing the importance of helping the needy.
Recommended sunnah of Muharram 2023
As this month is the mark of our martyrs and their sacrifices which they have done in order to protect Islam, we are also supposed to praise them and for that there are several recommended Sunnah practices that Muslims can observe during Muharram 2023, including:
- Fasting on the 9th and 10th of Muharram 2023 (Ashura): This is a recommended fast that Muslims can observe to remember the sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions at Karbala. It is also an opportunity to seek Allah’s forgiveness and renew one’s commitment to the faith.
- Offering voluntary prayers and reciting the Quran: Muslims can increase their good deeds during Muharram by offering voluntary prayers and reciting the Quran. This is a time to seek guidance and inspiration from the teachings of the Quran and the example of Prophet Muhammad (SAWW).
- Visiting the graves of loved ones and making dua for them: Visiting the graves of loved ones is a recommended practice in Islam, and Muharram 2023 is a good time to do so. Muslims can make dua for their loved ones and seek Allah’s mercy and forgiveness for them.
- Giving to charity and helping those in need: Muharram 2023 is a time to remember those who are less fortunate and to give to charity. Muslims can help those in need by donating money, food, or other resources to charitable organizations or individuals.
- Remembering the sacrifice of Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions at Karbala: Imam Hussain (AS) and his companions made the ultimate sacrifice for the sake of Islam, and Muslims can honor their memory by remembering their sacrifice and striving to live their lives in a way that pleases Allah.
- Seeking forgiveness for one’s sins and making a renewed commitment to Allah: Muharram is a time to reflect on one’s own life and seek forgiveness for one’s sins. Muslims can make a renewed commitment to Allah and strive to live their lives in accordance with His teachings.
- Strengthening bonds with family, friends, and the wider Muslim community: Muharram 2023 is a time to come together as a community and strengthen bonds with one another. Muslims can attend gatherings, participate in communal activities, and spend time with family and friends.
By following these try to make this Muharram 2023 better then all you have experienced before.
Conclusion:
Muharram 2023, the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar, holds great significance worldwide, characterized by self-reflection, remembrance, and unity. Commemorating the martyrdom of Imam Hussain and his companions at Karbala inspires sacrifice and courage, fostering empathy and justice in society. Fasting in Muharram promotes self-discipline and compassion towards the less fortunate, while its emphasis on community and charity nurtures kindness and togetherness. Let us carry the lessons of Muharram 2023 throughout the year, striving for a harmonious and compassionate society guided by Islamic teachings, keeping the timeless reminder of truth and justice alive for generations to come.
